Service Marketing and Product Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Administration Marketing and Product Marketing - Essay Example Model, if a vehicle maker sells maintenance agreement administrations against a vehicle model the promoting parts of such administrations are connected with the exhibition of the item in the market section and thus if the item is as of now selling effectively, the related assistance bundles can be sold without numerous issues. Nonetheless, in the event that administrations are sold free of items, at that point their showcasing methodologies should be unique. Coviello and Brodie et al. (2002. pp42) introduced an exact speculation that the organizations selling items draw in with their clients in more value-based way though the organizations selling administrations connect with their clients in increasingly social way. Truth be told if the work done by these specialists is broke down intently, it uncovers that the essential contrast lies in the manner the system of promoting is picked - regardless of whether for items or for administrations. The analysts introduced four approachs of ad vertising - Transaction Marketing, Database Marketing, Interaction Marketing and Network Marketing. The selection of business sectors relies on the manner in which income is required from the purchasers to the firm - once or repeating. Any advertising system focusing on normal income from shoppers will incline toward relationship promoting. Some advertising tacticians like to embrace pluralistic methodology of going with both relationship and value-based promoting relying on the requests of the market portions. Model, ease items and administrations might be advanced increasingly through value-based advertising while premium items and administrations might be advanced progressively through relationship showcasing. Database and system promoting are generally mind boggling and subsequently are of lesser inclination among advertising experts. Is Product or Services promoting on a very basic level related Coviello and Brodie et al. (2002. pp42) contended that observationally the administrations and item advertising zones have been dealt with in an unexpected way. The commitment directs are more in administrations advertising than items promoting. In addition, utilization of IT empowered instruments bring about more effect on clients in the administrations advertising than item showcasing. This is on the grounds that the desires for clients from administrations are more mind boggling than from items. Krishnan and Ramaswamy et al. (1999. pp 1197-1200) introduced a point by point research on consumer loyalty in banking and money related administrations industry. They introduced that dissimilar to assembling enterprises that produce completely unmistakable items, the money related administrations industry offers productized administrations that are conveyed through different channels to the clients and thus the range of client desires augments given that their recurrence of connections wi th the organizations are substantially more. If there should arise an occurrence of items, a customer may call the administration lines just if a flaw or deformity is distinguished or probably some ease of use highlights are not satisfactory. These exchanges are one time in nature that may happen hardly any occasions in a year. In any case, in administrations ventures the clients interface with the organizations again and again whereby their involvement with each connection includes in building the discernments. Thus, if there should be an occurrence of administration

Ancient Egyptian Art and Ancient Japanese Art Essay Example for Free

Antiquated Egyptian Art and Ancient Japanese Art Essay Antiquated Egyptian workmanship during this time was a hotshot of this human progress. Old Egyptian Art ordinarily portray god, goddess and creatures, as a result of their high strict ways. Egytian craftsmanship is still today perceived as some the most complex works man has ever observed. I decided to masterpieces to look into Egyptian and Japanese craftsmanship. I will begin with Egyptian Art first. The Statue of Memi and Sabu Pair is a three dimensional gem delineating a couple standing together These sculptures was set in a serdab, the concealed sculpture chamber found in no imperial tomb houses of prayer of the Old Kingdom. This time of craftsmanship was Egypt most creative occasions on account of Pyramids and works like this being made. The Egyptians accepted that the soul of the perished could utilize such a sculpture as a home and enter it so as to profit by endowments of food that were brought to the contribution sanctuary of the tomb (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). The material utilized Giza Painted Limestone as a major aspect of Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, between 2575â€2465 b. c. This goes in with the hour of what I examine early that Egyptians having strict conviction they regularly romanticize and represent there dead. The posture is surprising in light of the fact that Memi is returning Sabus grasp by hanging his arm around her shoulders indicating a connection between the two (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Second show-stopper I picked is Ancient Japanese Art. Japanese Ancient Art is one the most powerful craftsmanship periods. They were the first to create ceramics. Old Japan earthenware Go far back as the eleventh BC. Crafted by craftsmanship I decided to investigate is Storage container made of ceramic mud unglazed in Middle Jomon period between 2500â€1500 B. C. The ceramic food vessel, which originated from the Aomori Prefecture in northeastern Japan, is amazing for the fine nature of its mud and its modern improvement. The string checked herringbone design was duplicated by ropes tied together and bent in inverse ways (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Like the Egyptians they had very detail of work that represents the way of life. Japanese utilize these stonewares to store food and eating. The explanation behind their huge utilization of ceramics was presumably so huge on the grounds that the way of life was consistently in a hurry around then. All in all the two works of the two show-stoppers show tremendous complexity and represent a style based off their way of life convictions and requirements. Egyptian Art may have more tremendous phrasing than Japanese Art. Both have had an effect on society today.

IIT HSEE Essay Topics - How to Write IIT HSEE Essay Topics

IIT HSEE Essay Topics - How to Write IIT HSEE Essay TopicsWriting an IIT HSEE essay topic can be a daunting task, especially if you have not done so before. However, this need not be the case, if you follow some guidelines that will make the task much easier and will not require you to put in a lot of time.IIT HSEE essay topics are divided into two parts, one being the introduction and the other the body. The introduction has many different variations. You could even go the more conventional route and introduce yourself and briefly describe what the essay is about.After the introduction, the body of the essay topic comes next. While some people choose to write an entire essay on a single subject, there are those who prefer to write a broad overview and then fill in the details with their own examples. If this is the case, you may want to present the topics in a list form, as well as by order.At this point, you may want to just do a brief summary of the topics in the body of the essay . Many of these can be found online or on the IIT campus. You should also mention any future research that you may want to do, such as how to use the Internet to help in your studies.The last thing that you have to do is to focus on writing your conclusion. However, make sure that it does not take more than one paragraph to say all that you need to.When you write your IIT HSEE essay topics, remember that you do not necessarily have to cover all the topics in the course. You should be able to write an essay that is concise, yet powerful, and include everything that you will need to.This, however, depends on the topic that you would like to write about. Before you begin writing, you should try to explore your subject thoroughly, without rushing. Do not forget to revise if needed as well.There are many people who feel that it is easy to write IIT HSEE essay topics, but the truth is that you can easily become overwhelmed by the topic. Make sure that you do not get overwhelmed, though, a nd that you are able to find the right words that you need to.

Cyberbullying Direct Victimization in Schools and to...

Nearly a quarter of all students ages 6-19 are bullied or harassed at school as a result of their beliefs, race, nationality, sexual orientation, and more (â€Å"Bullying†). When examining bullying of LGBT youth, it is crucial to consider direct bullying and biased comments made by students. The most noticeable remarks used in schools is when the word â€Å"gay† is used in a negative way, usually to mean that something is â€Å"stupid† or â€Å"dumb.† About 70% of LGBT students state they have often heard these types of remarks. Direct victimization in schools happens more regularly among LGBT youth than among heterosexual peers. In a school climate survey of LGBT youth, students were asked about experiences of verbal harassment, physical harassment, and†¦show more content†¦LGBT youth that are bullied tend to have a much lower GPA than those who are not bullied or harassed. Bullying a person based on gender, has been associated statistically with greater anxiety, missing school, depression, and additional psychological health problems. Other research furthermore shows that LGBT youth, in contrast to non-homosexuals, are much more probable to attempt or consider suicide (â€Å"Hinduja†). Many teens that have dealt with bullying are hesitant to tell of their experiences or inform a trusted adult of the incident (â€Å"Bullying†). Research has shown that students feel safer in schools that have anti- discrimination and anti-harassment policies that include sexual orientation and gender identity, gay-straight alliances, and educators who have engaged in professional development regarding sexual orientation and gender identity, compared to schools that do not have these safe school practices (â€Å"Horn†). Safe school practices can be a way to help LGBT adolescents in and out of school, although not every school has these practices. There are many different supports that can be considered safe school practices. Gay-Straight Alliance (GSA) clubs, school anti-bullying policies that provide safety based on sexual orientation, gender expression, or gender identity, positive education about LGBT history, people, and events, and supportive school staff can provid e direct benefits to LGBT students (â€Å"Kosciw†). Even thoughShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying: A Study of Long Term Effects on Adolescent Cyber Bullying1561 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Cyber bullying is a topic that has been researched many times. As technology changes, it is important that research is kept up to date on how victimization can affect present and future psychosocial adjustment issues. Cyber bullying is defined as victimization that intends to harm another through electronic means, where individuals can harm without physical interaction. (Tokunaga, 2010). Cyber bullying requires little planning and there is little chance of being caught. It is importantRead MoreBullying Is An Old Phenomenon That Only Been The Subject Of More Systematic Research?885 Words   |  4 Pagesthat only recently has been the subject of more systematic research. The definition of bullying is very specific – it is the chronic occurrence of intentional aggressive behavior that occurs in interpersonal relationships characterized by an imbalance of power. The perpetrator (bully) or the target (victim) can be a group or an individual (Olweus, 1994). On the other hand, pe er victimization is a broader term defined as ‘‘The experience among children of being a target of the aggressive behaviourRead MoreThe And Parental Authority Questionnaire1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe last study was conducted by Ritter (2005). The participants for this study were drawn from the junior and senior classes of a large suburban high school in the Midwest, with participants ranging between the ages of 16 and 18 (Ritter, 2005). The researcher used the Individual Protective Factors Index (Springer Phillips, 1997) and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (Buri, 1991). The goal was to determine if an association existed between the developments of resiliency and parenting stylesRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Different Adults People2469 Words   |  10 Pagesphysical, school, and mental health concerns. These children are more likely to associate with depression and anxiety, amplified feelings of sadness and solitude, changes in sleep and eating patterns, loss of attentiveness in activities they used to like, health illnesses, decreased educational achievement like, GPA, standardized test scores, and school involvement. They are most likely to miss, skip, or drop out of school, and although children don’t usually retaliate, 12 out of 15 school shootingRead MoreHow Gender And The Type Of Bullying Correlates With Each Other919 Words   |  4 Pagesbullying correlates with each other. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the percentage of physical threats or injuries in schools in 2011 is about 10% (nces.ed.gov/fastfacts). On the other hand, non-violent forms of bullying was reported at a higher percentage such as teasing (18%), gossipping (18%), cyberbullying (9%), or exclusion (6%) (nces.ed.gov/fastfacts). Despite the reported statistics, the focus is greater on physical and violent bullying exhibited particularlyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Peer Victimization And Academic Achievement1354 Words   |  6 PagesI have been reading about the relationship between peer victimization (bullying, cyberbullying, and/or other types of abuse) and academic achievement. By design, I chose studies that were each focused on a participant groups of a different age. Gaining a deeper understanding of these potential connections would be valuable to anyone involved in creating positive environments where children and teens can learn and thrive. Specific stakeholders who might benefit include parents, family membersRead MoreThis Source Is Very Closely Related To My Research Question1900 Words   |  8 Pagesquestion regarding age and attitudes towards cyberbullying. The study broke down the participants into five age groups and examined their cyberbullying attitudes, perpetrations, and technology time. It determined that there is a negative correlation between age and these variables, showing that generally, those who are younger are more likely to believe that cyberbullying is a major concern for school-going minors. That being said, the youngest and oldest groups generally are less likely to have this attitudeRead MoreTeen Suicide : A Victim Of Severe Cyberbullying3502 Words   |  15 Pagesday, she met a boy on MySpace and the two became very close. Megan was the happiest she had been in her entire life, and under her parents’ watchful eyes, she continued to flourish. However, on October 16, 2006, Megan became the victim of severe cyberbullying. The boy she was talking to began to say hurtful things to her, which quickly spiraled into a situation where many of her â€Å"friends† on social media began posting derogatory comments about her. Despite her parents’ pleas to get off the InternetRead MoreBullying : The Causes And Effects Of Cyberbullying1060 Words   |  5 PagesBullying by electric forms of contact, better known as cyberbullying, has become an epidemic throughout the world in the last few years. While those affected may not be harmed physically, mentally and emotionally they are tortured and some never recover. For youths who have been cyberbullied, it is reported that they have a higher chance of anxiety and also depression. They are also more likely to have problems in their personal li ves and in school. Those affected can have thoughts that lead them toRead MoreThe Effects Of Bullying On Mental Health And Safety Of Adolescents3354 Words   |  14 Pages Bullying and Cyberbullying Chaya Gitty Chopp Daemen College â€Æ' Abstract The impact of bullying in all forms on the mental health and safety of adolescents is of particular interest, especially in the wake of new methods of bullying that victimize youths through technology: cyber bullying. Its significant link to internalizing difficulties can lead to depression and suicide. Given the ever increasing rate of accessibility to technology in both schools and homes, these findings underscore

Great Britain Geography, History, and Economy Facts

Great Britain is an island located within the British Isles and it is the ninth-largest island in the world and the largest in Europe. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe and it is home to the United Kingdom, which includes Scotland, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (not actually on the island of Great Britain). Great Britain has a total area of 88,745 square miles (229,848 sq km) and a population of about 65 million people (2016 estimate). The island of Great Britain is known for the global city of London, England, as well as smaller cities like Edinburgh, Scotland. In addition, Great Britain is known for its history, historic architecture, and natural environment. Fast Facts: Great Britain Official Name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandCapital: LondonPopulation: 65,105,246 (2018)Official Language: English  Currency: British pound (GBP)Form of Government: Parliamentary constitutional monarchy; a commonwealth realmClimate: Temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcastTotal Area: 94,058 square miles (243,610 square kilometers)Highest Point: Ben Nevis at 4,413 feet (1,345 meters)  Lowest Point: The Fens at -13 feet (-4 meters) Over 500,000 Years of History The island of Great Britain has been inhabited by early humans for at least 500,000 years. It is believed that these humans crossed a land bridge from continental Europe at that time. Modern humans have been in Great Britain for about 30,000 years and until about 12,000 years ago, archeological evidence shows that they moved back and forth between the island and continental Europe via a land bridge. This land bridge closed and Great Britain became an island at the end of the last glaciation. A History of Invasions Throughout its modern human history, Great Britain was invaded several times. For example, in 55 BCE, the Romans invaded the region and it became a part of the Roman Empire. The island was also controlled by various tribes and was invaded several times. In 1066, the island was a part of the Norman Conquest and this began the cultural and political development of the area. Throughout the decades following the Norman Conquest, Great Britain was ruled by several different kings and queens and it was also part of several different treaties between the countries on the island. About the Name Britain The use of the name Britain dates back to the time of Aristotle, but the term Great Britain was not officially used until 1474 when a marriage proposal between Edward IV of Englands daughter Cecily and James IV of Scotland was written. Today, the term is used to specifically refer to the largest island within the United Kingdom or to the unit of England, Scotland, and Wales. What Great Britain Encapsulates Today In terms of its politics, the name Great Britain refers to England, Scotland, and Wales because they are on the United Kingdoms largest island. In addition, Great Britain also includes the outlying areas of Isle of Wight, Anglesey, the Isles of Scilly, the Hebrides, and the remote island groups of Orkney and Shetland. These outlying areas are considered part of Great Britain because they are parts of England, Scotland, or Wales. Where Is Great Britain on a Map? Great Britain is located to the northwest of continental Europe and to the east of Ireland. The North Sea and the English Channel separate it from Europe. The Channel Tunnel, the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world, connects it with continental Europe. The topography of Great Britain consists mainly of low, gently rolling hills in the eastern and southern portions of the island and hills and low mountains in the western and northern regions. The Regions Climate The climate of Great Britain is temperate and it is moderated by the Gulf Stream. The region is known for being cool and cloudy during the winter and the western parts of the island are windy and rainy because they are more influenced by the ocean. The eastern parts are drier and less windy. London, the largest city on the island, has an average January low temperature of 36 degrees (2.4 C) and a July average temperature of 73 degrees (23 C). Fauna and Animal Species Despite its large size, the island of Great Britain has a small amount of fauna. This is because it has been rapidly industrialized in recent decades and this has caused habitat destruction across the island. As a result, there are very few large mammal species in Great Britain and rodents like squirrels, mice and beaver make up 40% of the mammal species there. In terms of Great Britains flora, there is a large variety of trees and 1,500 species of wildflower. Population and Ethnic Groups Great Britain has a population of more than 65 million people (2018 estimate). The main ethnic group of Great Britain is British—particularly those who are Cornish, English, Scottish, or Welsh. The Main Cities There are several large cities on the island of Great Britain but the largest is London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom. Other large cities include Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Leeds, Liverpool, and Manchester. About the Economy Great Britains United Kingdom has the third-largest economy in Europe. The majority of the UKs and Great Britains economy is within the service and industrial sectors but there is also ​a  small amount of agriculture. The main industries are machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles, electronics and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper products, food processing, textiles, and clothing. Agricultural products include are cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables cattle, sheep, poultry, and fish.

The Advantage of School Uniforms Essay - 752 Words

Did you know that as many as twenty-five percent of the nation?s pubic elementary, middle, and junior high schools have successfully implemented a school uniform policy? (Isaacson, 1998) School uniforms greatly benefit both the students and faculty by creating an atmosphere in which the students are able to get the most out of their education. I believe that all students should wear school uniforms regardless of whether or not the school is public. Below are clear-cut arguments in favor of school uniforms. First, one of the chief benefits of school uniforms is their ability to make schools safer. Studies have shown that they help to reduce gang influences. (Isaacson, 1998) Many gang members wear particular types of colors and clothes†¦show more content†¦Second, school uniforms helps to eliminate socio-economical barriers. Many students come from diverse backgrounds; however, inside the walls of the school, economic advantages and disadvantages are no longer obvious. (R, 2000) Parents? incomes no longer determine how well his or her son or daughter dresses the next day at school. Uniforms help to erase the tense cultural and economic differences among the students. Not only do students and teachers benefit from the wearing of uniforms, but parents do as well. Parents are no longer pressured to buy the latest fashions; therefore they spend less money on clothes and fashionable apparel. Third, school uniforms help to promote structure and discipline inside of the classroom. This structure creates a strong learning environment and improves the students? behavior and attitude towards schooling. In 1998 a study done by The National Association of Elementary School Principals and Land?s End discovered that schools with an active uniform policy had almost a twenty percent better discipline rate than that of a non-active uniform policy. Studies also showed that student achievement was increased by ten percent. (NAESP, 1998) Because of the learning atmosphere created by uniforms, students are more likely to concentrate on their schoolwork and strive for great grades. Over the many years of this ongoing debate there has only been one case in which the state lost the courtroom ruling,Show MoreRelatedAdvantages Of School Uniforms1095 Words   |  5 PagesSchool Uniforms: The Drawbacks A young female student tears an envelope open and skims through it. The note told that the town was going to vote on whether school uniforms should be issued or not in schools. Then, she swiftly darts for her parent’s bedroom, swerving through her four siblings in the process, to alert her mother and father of the newly received letter. She worried if the town agreed to add in school uniforms, for her parents could not afford five school uniforms. Her family was onRead MoreEssay on The Advantages of School Uniforms530 Words   |  3 Pagesgood view early in the morning. That’s why the school should implement a uniform policy. Uniforms should be mandatory in school. Uniforms make the school appear more professional. Also with uniforms students won’t compare themselves with each other. Moreover uniforms can help students save time. Additionally parents won’t have to waste so much money on clothes hence will have a better budget. A major reason that schools should have uniforms is because students will get along better. TheyRead MoreEssay on Implementation of School Uniforms635 Words   |  3 PagesImplementation of School Uniforms The topic of school uniforms has been highly debated for many years. Many would think it would be the teachers versus the pupils in this debate but they would be wrong, this argument has members from both sides fighting for and against it. In this essay I will look at the topic from both sides and be un-objective in my writing. Many of the arguments made in favour of school uniforms have something to do with the safety of the school communityRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandatory?918 Words   |  4 PagesShould schools have the right to make uniforms mandatory for their students? Some people don’t think so and they argue against the civil liberties that such a mandate would violate. While the opposing opposition thinks that school uniforms belong in the school system, in order to help reduce some of the issues students may face because of their clothes. Although school uniforms for students may have many negative effects, school uniforms may help with reducing the amount of distractions, thereforeRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Implemented Throughout K 12 Public Schools1258 Words   |  6 PagesBobby Mishra Mrs. Bezemek Apps of Comp 24 November 2014 School Uniforms According to a study done by the National Association of Elementary School Principals (NAESP) said that the popularity of school uniforms are clearly on the rise. Now more schools have uniforms rising from 28 percent to 49 percent in thirteen years (Tucker). School uniforms can help improve behavior leading to safer schools and safer communities. School uniforms can also lead to an increase in academic behavior leading to betterRead MoreWhat s The Whole Point Of School Uniforms?801 Words   |  4 Pagesthe whole point of school uniforms? Do we really need to spend billions of dollars on them? Let’s express our style with the clothes and the colors we wear by getting rid of school uniforms! School uniforms make the school plain and we need to express our own style, make it colorful! School uniforms don’t change the way people act, and you can still bully others. Proponents say that school uniforms are an advantage on how to judge an intruder, but opponents say that scho ol uniforms are a disadvantageRead MoreBenefits Of School Uniforms In School798 Words   |  4 PagesBeneficial Clothing for Schools Around the world, several schools require their students to wear school uniforms. Many students do not adore this idea, but do they truly know how it benefits them. Some wonder if these uniforms actually improve their learning and experiences in school. Numerous questions have arisen when schools consider this idea. The debate today is growing, as schools try to figure out how they can enhance their school. There are various improvements in school systems when they reachRead MoreSchool Uniforms And The School Uniform Policy964 Words   |  4 Pageslearning-oriented schools for their children. In 1996, President Bill Clinton challenged schools that â€Å" †¦ if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms.† (Boutelle 36). As a result, the Manual on School Uniforms was issued by the government to provide guidelines for those considering establishing a sch ool uniform policy. Ever since, proponents and opponents of mandated school uniforms haveRead MoreShould School Uniforms Be Mandated?944 Words   |  4 PagesShould School Uniforms Be Mandated in Public Schools? Educators and parents, alike, want safe, respectful learning-oriented schools for their children. In 1996, President Bill Clinton challenged schools â€Å"to teach character education, †¦ And if it means that teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms.† (Boutelle 36). As a result, the Manual on School Uniforms was issued by the government toRead MoreSchool Uniform Is Good Or Bad?966 Words   |  4 PagesSCHOOL UNIFORMS The school uniform is good or bad? This is a question debated in many schools. School uniforms have many advantages and disadvantages; it depends on the thought and opinion of each person. Some people think that school uniforms display the discipline, obedience of students and it helps students can save time in choosing the outfit every day; it helps poor students have equality with everyone in school; it helps students be distinct from other people and it makes students feel proud

Science Technology and society free essay sample

Nearly all nations now recognize that science and technology are of vital importance to their development. Yet science and technology (ST) cannot just be imported as commodities from foreign producers. For a country to enjoy the full benefit of science and technology, they must be deemed critical to the effort to achieve economic well-being and social justice, integrated into the societal decisionmaking structure, and systematically supported by policies that nurture the nation’s capacities and indigenous talent. Such interactions require the following: †¢ Policy for ST: A national commitment, by the public and private sectors alike, to promote science and technology; †¢ ST for policy: A mechanism for providing ST inputs into decisionmaking; †¢ Dissemination of knowledge: Procedures for broad public participation in critical issues, especially regarding their ST aspects. 2. 1 National ST strategies identify priorities for addressing critical needs Innovation Program (PPKIP), Chinese Academy of Sciences The PPKIP is an ambitious 12-year project (1998-2010) led by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) to reform and revitalize China’s science and technology infrastructure. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Technology and society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By 2005, the Chinese Academy of Science plans to have: †¢ significantly enhanced scientific output in fundamental research in strategic areas; †¢ increased the numbers of scientific research personnel in multidisciplinary and frontier areas; †¢ created new joint laboratories with universities; †¢ established long-term cooperative relationships with distinguished foreign universities, research institutions, and companies; †¢ transformed 15-20 academy-affiliated research institutions into for-profit corporate entities; †¢ built high-tech incubators jointly with local governments; †¢ introduced venture-capital mechanisms through creation of CAS-managed venturecapital funds; and †¢ sold shares of Chinese Academy’s companies in stock markets, both at home and abroad, thus attracting capital for the rapid development of high-tech enterprises. english. cas. ac. cn IAC Report | Science, technology, and society 37 BOX Many of the recommendations in Chapters 3 through 6 that follow can be seen as parts of national policies for the promotion of science and technology. Recommendations on human-resource development, institution-building for science and technology, establishing new modes of cooperation for the private and public domains, and the generation of new funding mechanisms will all require support from a nation’s leaders, both in and out of government. There is a need to provide a coherent framework for these actions. In each nation, a national ST strategy should be developed by the government in consultation with scientific, engineering, and medical academies; the professional societies of the country; and its industrial sector. The strategy should benefit from the experiences of other countries, and it should spell out the government’s commitments to funding; standards of excellence; openness and dissemination of knowledge; regional consortia and networks; private-public interactions; and partnerships with others – locally, regionally, and globally. (See Box 10 for a description of an ambitious strategy in China to upgrade its ST enterprise. ) The practice of science in particular cannot be undertaken without a profound adherence to what has been called the values of science – a commitment to truth and honor, a certain constructive dissent among scientists, and the arbitration of disputes through rigorous methods. BOX 10 Pilot Project of the Knowledge But science is seldom left only to the scientists. Research-agenda priorities derive not just from the wishes of scientists or their interest in certain problems but also from factors such as national needs, the availability of funding, access to tools of research, and the commercial prospects for deploying the resulting technologies. What gets studied, in effect, is often decided by nonscientists. Some governments’ restrictions on certain biological research areas, for example, or a nation’s response to the unavailability of industrial funding for specific (often long-term) areas of research and development with limited commercial payback, are instances of how governments deploy scientific capacity in research in response to societal goals. The application of science for utilitarian purposes, however, usually depends on earlier basic research that was driven by scientists’ intellectual curiosity. Allowing some space to satisfy this drive, therefore, should be an element of any program to increase capacity building in ST and maintain its productivity over the long term. The exact balance between basic, strategic, applied, and adaptive research will vary from country to country, as will the domains in which the resources and talents should be deployed. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that old classifications between basic and applied, as well as the boundaries between traditional disciplines, are being overtaken by events. New ST research increasingly involves multiple disciplines and often requires conceptual and applied skills alike. Recommendations Every nation should develop an ST strategy that specifies the national priorities for research and development and spells out national funding commitments. National governments should develop national strategies for science and technology in full consultation with the country’s science, engineering, and medical academies, its professional societies, and the industrial sector. The national strategies should include support for basic science and recognize the need for high-level training to develop, as much as possible, national competence in selected frontier areas of science and technology that are most suitable for sustainable economic development and social well-being. National funding commitments for science and technology should rise to at least 1 percent – preferably 1. 5 percent – of Gross Domestic Product for each developing nation, and should be disbursed using a merit-based approach. 38 IAC Report | Science, technology, and society 2. 2 Independent scientific advice improves decisionmaking for public policies BOX 11 World Health Organization promotes The effectiveness of government programs can be greatly increased if inputs and independent review are provided by scientific, engineering, and health experts – honest brokers who bridge the gap between what is technically possible and politically achievable in areas such as agriculture, education, energy, environment, and health. For example, many international deliberations, running the gamut from intellectual property rights to environmental and health regulations, require governments to fully understand the ST premises that underlie the decisions they are negotiating. Each country therefore needs to create suitable mechanisms for providing impartial scientific and technological advice to government policymakers. Informed and reliable counsel could come from specially appointed committees of experts, standing multidisciplinary advisory bodies, independent institutions such as merit-based academies of science, engineering, or medicine, or from professional societies. (Box 11 offers an example of how ST capacity is needed to inform government policies on emerging health issues. ) The need for local biomedical expertise in all  nations, complemented by other health professionals worldwide, has been demonstrated by the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), an illness first reported in 2003 in Asia, North America, and Europe. The World Health Organization (WHO) is coordinating an international investigation with the assistance of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network – a collaboration of existing institutions and networks that pool human and technical resources for rapid identification, confirmation, and response with regard to disease outbreaks of global importance. The Network  keeps the international health community constantly alerted to the threat of new outbreaks and provides appropriate technical assistance to  affected states by strengthening local infrastructure and capacity to reduce illness and prevent disease spread. Since its inception, the Network  has addressed health concerns in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, China, Cote d’Ivoire,  Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kosovo, India, Madagascar, Pakistan, Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda,  Yemen, and Zanzibar. national capacity to confront new diseases Recommendations Each national government should establish trusted indigenous mechanisms for obtain- ing advice on scientific and technological questions related to policies, programs, and international negotiations. Each nation involved in the development, production, or use of new technologies, such as those deriving from biotechnology, should have the means to assess and manage their benefits and risks. Governments should therefore ensure that indigenous ST capacities are in place (with international inputs when necessary) not only for effective adoption of a new technology, but also for help in implementing public-health, humansafety, and environmental guidelines or regulations that address potential side-effects of the new technology. The possibility of long-term effects should be kept in mind when setting up such systems, which must remain fully adaptable to rapid advances in scientific and engineering knowledge. The coordination of such efforts among nations to permit the sharing of experience and the standardization of some types of risk assessment is highly desirable. IAC Report | Science, technology, and society 39 BOX www. who. int/en/ 2. 3 The public requires dissemination of new knowledge for addressing critical issues The world’s communications networks have begun to give each individual scientist or technologist the means to help close the knowledge gap between industrialized and developing nations. Through the global system that the ST community is creating on the Internet, local investigators can stay up to date on, and participate in, cutting-edge research. And because these indigenous professionals generally understand their nation’s culture and can easily communicate with its people, they are uniquely placed to be disseminators of advanced knowledge and know-how to other critical local actors – greatly increasing the likelihood that the new technologies will be well adapted to that society’s needs and cultures. Any nation without such a core of scientists and technologists can expect to fall farther and farther behind the rest of the world. Countries at different stages of development will of course need different types of ST expertise, and they may be expected to invest in science and technology at different rates. But even in the poorest nations, a substantial enrollment in higher education is essential, particularly in science and engineering courses. For that to happen, ST practitioners should become sufficiently involved in education at all levels to help generate the human capital on which so much of development depends. Beyond communicating among themselves, with policymakers and their students, the ST community should regularly interact with the public. Many issues require public debate, and scientists and engineers should help inform this debate by engaging with the media. For its part, the media should consistently seek out the most reliable sources in order to present the issues accurately and effectively. 40 IAC Report | Science, technology, and society Recommendations With the help of the ST communities, each national and state government should encourage innovation in disseminating the results of publicly or privately funded research and in turning them into new products and services that address national or local needs. Such efforts could include: †¢ Consultative services, provided by national, state, or city research institutions, in areas such as agriculture, water and land management, housing, and health. †¢ Cooperative partnerships between local (state, city) entities and research institutions for sharing up-to-date information of local relevance. †¢ Empowerment, for periods of time, of social entrepreneurs for supplying products and services significantly below market prices to people in need. †¢ ‘Information kiosks,’ either publicly funded or for-profit, to help distribute useful scientific information to the public. The information might consist of short publications prepared by scientific organizations, such as the recent ones being promoted by the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), or reliable news obtained from the Internet. Each nation’s media should assume major responsibility for educating the public in ST-related issues. A wide array of communications technologies – print, television, radio, cellular tele- phone, World Wide Web, the Internet, among others – should be utilized in disseminating to the public the results and public policy implications of publicly or privately funded research that addresses national or local needs. The ST community should seriously exercise its obligation to pay more attention to the media and participate more fully in public discussions and debates. In such interactions, practitioners should endeavor to explain technical issues in non-technical language. Regarding scientific or technical matters on which public-policy choices are to be made, the media should seek out the best ST sources for their articles and programs. In a similar spirit, reporters and editors should not artificially generate controversy by seeking out minority positions that appear to highlight the adversarial aspects of STrelated questions, particularly when the professional community has actually achieved broad consensus. Truly controversial questions should be presented to the public in terms of explaining the scientific and technological aspects of the dispute without bias or editorializing (except on clearly indicated opinion pages). IAC Report | Science, technology, and society 41

Health Care and Sample Portfolio free essay sample

My career as a university teacher has spanned 30 years including the past fifteen years as a faculty at the UTMB School of Nursing with a joint appointment at GSBS and previously, fifteen years as a faculty at the University Of Arizona School Of Nursing with an adjunct appointment at the School of Public Policy. From that vantage point, I have had the opportunity to teach and learn from hundreds of graduate and undergraduate students in nursing, medicine, allied health, philosophy, ethics, health policy, and other disciplines. My educational philosophy has evolved over time in response to my own experiences and growth as a teacher and clinician as well as continued interchange with students. My overriding philosophy is based on the belief that students are not â€Å"empty vessels† to be shaped by faculty, but rather that they come to the educational enterprise with a vast array of life experiences, knowledge, and skills that can be incorporated and translated into their professional health education. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care and Sample Portfolio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I believe that teachers, at their best, serve as guides and catalysts who engage students in critical thinking, reasoning, and dialogue about the core scientific, clinical and humanistic knowledge that is required for promoting health and healing among their patients and the multi-faceted roles of health professionals in that endeavor. I also believe that teaching- learning is a partnership between teacher and students and that it is synergistic. I have learned far more from students than I have probably ever imparted to them. I also believe that excellent teachers help establish an atmosphere in both classroom and clinical settings that promotes honesty and integrity and that encourages students to examine their own beliefs, knowledges and assumptions as well as invite constructive debate and feedback. It is important that health professional students, who will often practice as part of a team, learn to respect diverse opinions while at the same time learn to articulate their own perspectives and judgments. Students must also learn to take responsibility for their own lifelong learning as they enter the worlds of practice and education. Describe how you have prepared yourself for your role as a teacher, assessor, mentor and/or advisor. Revised 2010 Page 1 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. My doctoral education was in Biomedical Ethics and Public Health Policy and my master’s degree in Community Health and Political Science with a functional focus on teaching. I have drawn on both of these programs as a framework for developing courses and learning experiences that help students examine complex issues in health care ethics and public policy and develop strategies for helping to resolve those issues. One of the most significant ways that I enhanced my skill as a teacher was receiving one of the first Joseph P. Kennedy Fellowships in Bioethics for Faculty at Georgetown Univ. in the early 1980’s. This Fellowship was specifically focused on the preparation of nursing and medical school faculty in the newly emerging field of biomedical ethics. That educational experience shaped my efforts to help integrate biomedical ethics into nursing and other health-related curricula at the Univ. of Arizona and later at UTMB. I have continued to expand my knowledge about the teaching of ethics and humanities and clinical ethics consultation during the past several decades through participating in a large number of diverse educational workshops and conference programs sponsored by the Association for Bioethics, the Kennedy Center for Bioethics, the Hastings Center, and the American Society for Law, Medicine and Ethics. I have especially benefited from a series of intensive summer workshops designed for educators by the Kennedy Center for Bioethics. I have also focused a lot of effort on expanding my knowledge and skills related specifically to doctoral education in nursing including a series of intensive workshops with noted nurse consultants in the field of doctoral education while at Univ. of Arizona and at UTMB. In addition, I have regularly attended the annual National Assoc. of Doctoral Program meetings and the Academy of Nursing Science Meetings which regularly address graduate education issues and initiatives in nursing. Teaching/Assessment Activities For Teaching and Assessment activities, duplicate and complete this table for each separate activity you wish to present. In the Appendix, provide examples of work that support the scope, quality and dissemination of the activity, if available. Teaching/Assessment Activity Context of activity (school or department, format of activity) Description of role Duration of service (give years) Service quantity (e. g. , hours/semester or year) Number and type of learners (e. g. , number per year, semester, term; undergrad or grad) Goals for the activity Revised 2010 Course in History and Philosophy of Science Core required course in doctoral program in Nursing Developer and primary teacher of Course 2002-present Fall semesters 15 weeks 3 hours per week in direct teaching and 5-6 hours per week in course preparation, student consultation, review of papers and projects Approx. 15 doctoral students course on campus and additional 5-6 students via teleconference at Stephen F. Austin Univ. In Nacogdoches Course is offered Fall and Summer semesters The goal of this course is to teach the students skills in critically examining the historical evolution of science and  comparative philosophical views of scientific Page 2 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. Outcomes, and other indicators of quality Dissemination among the community of educators Teaching/Assessment Activity Context of activity (school or department, format of activity) Description of role Duration of service (give years) Service quantity (e. g. , hours/semester or year) Number and type of learners (e. g., number per year, semester, term; undergrad or grad) Goals for the activity Outcomes, and other indicators of quality research in health care and nursing The overall course evaluations for this course during the past five years have consistently been very good as reflected in the following averages on a 5 point scale: (2002-4. 5; 2003-4. 6; 2004-4. 7; 2005—4. 7; 2006 –4. 6). Students have made many positive comments about how they have honed their critical analysis skills. I received SON Outstanding Faculty Teaching Award in 2002. Presentation of Approaches to Teaching of Philosophy of Science and Ethics to Students in Health Professions at Society of Bioethics Conference Oct. 2002 and 2005 Course in Ethics of Health Care and Research Required core course in doctoral program in Nursing Developer and primary teacher of Course 2002-present 3 hours per week in direct teaching and 5-6 hours per week in course preparation, student consultation, review of papers and projects Approx. 8-10 doctoral students on campus and additional 5-6 students via teleconference at Stephen F. Austin Univ. in Nacogdoches. The goal of this course is to help students develop skills in analyzing contemporary ethical dilemmas in  health care as well as in learning strategies to respond effectively to dilemmas. The course also teaches the students to critically analyze research related to ethical issues, eg. End of life care as well as to examine underlying ethical issues related to conducting research. e. g. informed consent. Course evaluations are consistently in the 4. 6-5 point range. (2002-4. 6; 2003—4. 7; 2004—4. 7; 2005—4. 8; 2006— 4. 8) Students’ teams have developed outstanding critiques of ethical issues in health care and research and developed position papers in response to those issues. They have also developed a series of excellent PowerPoint presentations which have been shared with classmates as well as with faculty and clinicians at UTMB and other health facilities where many of the nursing doctoral students practice. One other significant indicator of the impact of this Revised 2010 Page 3 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. Dissemination among the community of educators Teaching/Assessment Activity Context of activity (school or department, format of activity) Description of role Duration of service (give years) Service quantity (e. g. , hours/semester or year) Number and type of learners (e. g. , number per year, semester, term; undergrad or grad) Goals for the activity Outcomes, and other indicators of quality course is that 10 doctoral students have developed and completed dissertation research that is related to ethical issues in health care. Wrote article Preparation of Doctoral Students in Identifying and Responding to Ethical Issues in Nursing Research: Advances in Nursing Science June 2003. Course in Health Policy This is a required course for all of the masters’ level students in the SON. Lead teacher 2002-present 3 hours per week in direct teaching and 5-6 hours per week in course preparation, student counseling, evaluating papers and projects This course has averaged approx. 40-50 students per semester including onsite and distance ed. students in Nacogdoches and Beaumont and is taught twice a year (approx. 100 students/year). One of the central goals of this course is to help nursing students in the Advanced Practitioner masters program develop abilities in critical analysis of the  context and process of policy development in health care; and development of skills that will help them engage in various stages of the policy process. Evaluations for this course over the past five years have been consistently high with average scores between 4. 5-5 on a 5 point scale. ( 2002—4. 5; 2003— 4. 6; 2004—4. 7; 2005—4. 6; 2006—4. 7). As part of the course, teams of students became involved in working with selected policy makers, e. g. legislators, Board of Nurse Examiners, and mayors to assess selected health policy issues, propose new strategies, and in some cases were involved in helping  implement selected policy at local and state levels. Dissemination among the Revised 2010 Many of the students’ comments on evaluations suggested that the course had spurred their interest in working more directly with various policy leaders as a strategic part of their professional role. Several of the students have become members of city councils in Santa Fe and Houston, members of School boards, etc. While I cannot claim responsibility for their actions, I do think the course served as a catalyst for some to become more involved in the policy arena. Article: Robinson, S. (2005) Integration of Health. Page 4 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. community of educators Policy in Curriculum for Advanced Practitioner Students published in Journal of Advanced Nurse Practitioners, vol 10, 55-60. Teaching/Assessment Activity Context of activity (school or department, format of activity) Description of role Duration of service (give years) Service quantity (e. g. , hours/semester or year). Case Management Clinical Course This is a required clinical course for all senior nursing students Lead Clinical teacher Spring 2004, 2005, 2006 Teaching/ supervision of students in clinical sites for eight hours/day for two days per week during the semester 10-12 students per semester in each rotation Number and type of learners (e. g. , number per year, semester, term; undergrad or grad) Goals for the activity Outcomes, and other indicators of quality Dissemination among the community of educators Teaching/Assessment Activity Context of activity (school or department, format of activity) Description of role Duration of service (give years) Service quantity (e. g. , hours/semester or year) Revised 2010 This course provides students with an opportunity to assess and give care to elderly and disabled clients who are living in nursing homes, group homes, as well as some family settings. All of these clients are legally wards of the state and have guardians. I have worked with a local judge to integrate our students into her assessment of these patients. Student’s asses the patients and report back to the judge as well as make referrals to physicians and other health agencies. Students have consistently rated this clinical  experience as one of the most satisfying and challenging as reflected in their averaged course evaluations (2002—4. 8; 2003—4. 8; and 2004—4. 9 on 5 point scale) Presented this teaching approach to Health Law Teachers Conference June 2006; Also have shared the Case Management course approach and successes with several Family court judges in Texas who are interested in developing a similar program for follow-up of wards of the court. CE Program—Project Help Continuing Education Program in Health Care Ethics and Law Developed and Coordinated PROJECT HELP. A distance education initiative in health care ethics and  law for nurses and physicians in rural areas of Texas 2002-2005 5-6hrs/wk. during academic year Page 5 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. Number and type of learners (e. g. , number per year, semester, term; undergrad or grad) Goals for the activity Outcomes, and other indicators of quality Dissemination among the community of educators Approx. 50 nurses and doctors per Fall and Spring  emesters took courses during 4 year period of grant(total of 400 students) This was a blended learning opportunity for nurses and physicians in rural and underserved areas of the state to receive continuing education courses in ethical-legal issues in Health Care using both teleconferencing and web-based methodologies Goals were to provide professional clinicians with skills in assessing and responding to ethical dilemmas in care of their patients as week as to provide them with updates and resource materials on current legal cases in medicine and nursing. As noted in educational materials section, materials  used in these CE programs are being developed for a web based course in health care ethics and law for health professionals across the country. Received the American Assoc. of University Women Teacher of Distinction Award for this educational project. 4. Mentoring/Advising Activities For Mentoring and Advising activities, duplicate and complete this table for each mentoring/advising relationship you wish to present. Name of mentee or advisee Description of role as mentor/ advisor Purpose or goals of relationship Description of mentoring/advising process Current status of advisee Outcome(s) of relationship Documentation. Advisor to 15 doctoral students; and chair of 5 dissertation committees 2003-7 Provide guidance and consultation to students during progression through doctoral program To serve as a mentor and advisor through the dissertation process Meets with students frequently throughout semester to discuss and review progress on each phase of dissertation research through individual advising sessions and independent studies. Average of 3 hours per week for each doctoral student. Four of five students have completed and defended dissertation research and graduated; fifth student has defended research and will graduate in May, 2007. Students have successfully completed research and graduated. One student received Award for Outstanding Dissertation Research from GSBS in 2005. Three students have published results of dissertation research in peer-reviewed Nursing and other journals; One student has asked dissertation chair to coauthor article with him and article is in development. Use space below for descriptions of teaching accomplishments that either do not fit the other categories or fall outside the requested time frame but that are significant. Revised 2010 Page 6 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc.  are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. SECTION II: ENDURING EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS 1. Describe the goals or philosophy that guide your development of educational materials. I have had a long-term commitment to helping develop educational courses and resource materials in health care ethics, law, and policy for nursing students and practicing clinicians which can help them respond to the complex dilemmas that they may encounter in their practice. Part of the goal is to help them develop sustainable skills and knowledge that will promote their continued interest and self-education in health care ethics, law, and policy. To further this goal, I have helped develop several web-based continuing education courses as well as related articles and study guides for use by students in both formal academic and informal courses. 2. Describe how you have prepared yourself for your role as a developer of educational materials. During the past several decades I have continued to develop my knowledge of relevant content in ethics, law, and policy as well as further develop my skills in innovative teaching methods both as a faculty at the Univ. of Arizona , Georgetown Univ. , and as a faculty at UTMB. I have been especially interested in distance education modalities to help reach students and clinicians in rural and underserved areas of Texas and the Southwest and was one of the first faculty in the SON at UTMB to utilize teleconferencing to teach groups of masters and doctoral level students in a variety of multiple settings, e. g. Beaumont/Port Arthur, Victoria Nacogdoches, and Brownsville. I have attended a series of instructional methodology courses during the past decade which have focused on distance education strategies including teleconferencing and more recently web-based course development with an emphasis on real-time interactive components such as WIMBA. 3. Duplicate and complete this table for each enduring material you wish to present. It is best to list your materials in reverse chronological order, with the most recent one on top. In the Appendix, provide examples of work that support the scope, quality and dissemination of the activity, if available. Educational Material Revised 2010 Health Care Ethics and Law Course(web-based) CE program for nurse clinicians Page 7 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. Description of material Role in development Goals or purpose of educational material Outcomes, accomplishments, and other indicators of quality of service or impact of this material . Dissemination among the community of educators Educational Material Description of material Role in development Goals or purpose of educational material Outcomes, accomplishments, and other indicators of quality of service or impact of this material . Dissemination among the community of educators Educational Material Description of material Revised 2010 A 12 module web -based program for nurses in ethics and law( available to nurses as a distance ed. ce program offered through the UTMB Office of Distance Education Technology Co-developer of program To facilitate clinicians in developing more advanced knowledge and skills in participating in effective resolution of ethical dilemmas in the workplace Grant funding to implement project secured from Kempner Fund, 1999-2004. Approx. 200 nurse clinicians from Texas and across the US to date who have taken the CE program. Their post-course evaluations rank the course high in skill and knowledge building and impact on their overall ability to analyze ethical issues and participate in patient-centered outcomes. Many nurses are able to use this course to meet BNE requirement for ethics continuing education. Course is widely available on the web and has received excellent reviews from American Journal of Nursing and Online Educator for high-quality content and teaching methods. Ethics in Contemporary Health Care Leadership Core course in new Leadership in Health Care Organizations Program for masters-level students – uses â€Å"blended† teaching methods including web based and onsite teaching approaches Co-developer of course This course was designed to assist nurses who are in management roles in health care organizations develop more advanced know ledges and skills related to ethical, legal, and regulatory dimensions of their leadership/managerial roles . Based on the positive evaluations 2005-average 4. 6; and 2006—4. 7 on 5 point scale) from the first two groups of students, this course has been expanded to  include a totally web-based distance education program for nurses in leadership roles around the US. Journal articles: Robinson, S. and Lindquist, J. Innovative Educational Programs in Ethics, Law, and Policy for Nurse Managers (2006) Journal of Nursing Education, vol. 10, 25-30. Educational Video in Health Care Ethics One hour educational video and related case materials workbook â€Å"Hard Choices at the End of Life† examining a series of current cases related to end of Page 8 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. Role in development Goals or purpose of educational material Outcomes, accomplishments, and other indicators of quality of service or impact of this material. Dissemination among the community of educators life care and discussion of ethical-legal issues and decision-making strategies in clinical situations Served as content specialist to video producers Baxley Films, Chicago. Goal of videotape was to provide students and clinicians with mediated learning activity to assist them in examining and responding to complex end of life  ethical dilemmas in patient care Video purchased by est. 300 SONs, SOMs and clinical facilities across US. Producers have received several national video awards from AJN (2000); Golden Eagle , 2002; Video has been widely distributed in educational facilities and is currently in revision as a web-based educational program SECTION III: EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP 1. Describe the goals or philosophy that guide your educational leadership. I believe that I have a responsibility to assume an educational leadership role both in my academic institution but also at state and national levels. Nursing education is at a significant crossroads in its development as it tries to respond to the growing need for more clinical nurses and nurse faculty. Faculty must assume greater leadership roles in helping develop clinicians, teachers, and researchers that can respond to the needs of complex patients and community-based health issues. There is the need for leadership that helps us develop creative teaching strategies that reach diverse populations of learners in Texas and across the country. To that end, I have tried to provide leadership within my School in the integration of ethical, legal , and policy concepts within the curriculum for students at all levels and for the development of distance education courses for academic students as well as for clinicians who are already in practice. I have also assumed leadership roles in various nursing and bioethics organizations in helping advance national dialogue regarding curricula for nursing and medical students, ethics consultation services, and educational criteria for teachers in bioethics. Describe how you have prepared yourself for your educational leadership roles. Revised 2010 Page 9 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. I have taken a number of advanced courses at UT Austin and Univ. Colorado related to Innovation in Distance Education and have also continued to attend special courses/conferences sponsored by the Kennedy Center in Bioethics, Hastings Center for Ethics, and the Society for Ethics, Law, and Policy which provide advanced and updated content on current ethical-legal issues in Health Care. 3. Duplicate and complete this table for each leadership activity you wish to present. It is best to list your materials in reverse chronological order, with the most recent one on top. In the Appendix, provide examples of work that support the scope, quality and dissemination of the activity, if available. Activity Description of leadership role Duration of service (give years) Goals and/or initiatives Outcomes, accomplishments, and other indicators of quality of service or impact in this role. Revised 2010 Development of New Doctoral Program in Nursing One of the most substantial contributions that I have made to health science education has been to participate as a core member of the doctoral task force that was charged with developing and implementing a new and innovative PhD program in Nursing at UTMB as part of the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences. The program was developed in response to a severe shortage of doctorally  prepared faculty in Texas and across the country. The program has a very strong focus on Health Promotion and Healing Among Vulnerable Populations and an emphasis on the students’ integration of those concepts into their future roles as teachers, clinicians, and researchers Member of Doctoral planning Task Force199497and program was implemented in Fall, 1997. The primary goal of this program was to prepare a cadre of doctorally-prepared nurse scholars who could assume faculty and/or clinical roles in Texas and the US The PhD program began in 1997 and has attracted a very ethnically diverse group of 60 doctoral students from Texas and many  other states as well as from India, China, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia. Successful outcome measures of the program include the fact that many of the graduates of the program have or will become faculty in schools of nursing in Texas or the Southwest. In addition, many of the first and succeeding graduates have developed Page 10 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. programs of research that can potentially  impact the health and well-being of their patients/families and communities. Dissemination among the community of educators The evolution of this program with a major focus on Healing and Health Promotion with Vulnerable populations has been presented at sessions at the American Colleges of Nursing Annual Conference (2004) and an analysis of the program and its outcomes have been published in a peer-reviewed journal: Johnson, A. and Robinson, S. (2005) J. of Professional Nursing Education, Vol. 8, 15-20. Activity Description of leadership role American Association of Bioethics Chair Academic Curriculum Committee,  2003-05; Abstract Review Committee 19992001; 2006-07; Conference co-chair, 19992000 1998-current The goal of this organization is to provide dialogue and leadership among faculty teaching in ethics-law programs as well as clinical ethicists. I served on various taskforces and committees which have developed guidelines for proposed ethics-law curricula in schools of nursing, medicine, and allied health as well as proposed criteria and standards for clinical ethics consultation. The Society for Bioethics has published two monographs based on our committee recommendations :â€Å"Standards for Clinical Ethics Consultation† 2004  and â€Å"Proposed Curriculum in Health Care Ethics for a New Century† (2002) †which have been widely disseminated to Schools of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health and Clinical Ethics Programs in the US. Duration of service (give years) Goals and/or initiatives Outcomes, accomplishments, and other indicators of quality of service or impact in this role. Dissemination among the community of educators Activity Description of leadership role Revised 2010 National Leadership Conference on Ethics, Law, and Policy in Health Care Chair of Planning Committee and Conference Page 11 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc.  are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy. Duration of service (give years) Goals and/or initiatives Outcomes, accomplishments, and other indicators of quality of service or impact in this role. Dissemination among the community of educators Activity Description of leadership role Duration of service (give years) Goals and/or initiatives Outcomes, accomplishments, and other indicators of quality of service or impact in this role. Dissemination among the community  of educators Revised 2010 2000-2001 Goal was to bring together national leaders in the field of nursing and medical ethics, law and public policy to examine the future directions of curricula, clinical consultation, and research/scholarship in the field and to examine cutting edge issues in health care ethics and law Evaluations from participants ranked the conference proceedings very high in terms of content and innovative strategies for incorporating ethics, law, and policy content into nursing and medical school curricula (average evaluations were 4. 7 on 5 point scale) I served as the co-editor of a published  monograph incorporating the major papers presented at the conference. Robinson, S. and Barton, W. (2001) Charting the Future of Ethics, Law, and Policy in Medical and Nursing Education. New York, Mosby Press. Texas Nurses Assoc. Ethics Council Served as Ethics Consultant to TNA in drafting organizational responses to proposed legislation regarding end of life issues and treatment of prisoners with mental and physical disabilities in TDCJ and providing testimony to Texas legislative committee hearings 1999-2003 Provide consultation to official nursing organization and legislative committees regarding complex ethical issues under  consideration Helped TNA draft four position papers on a series of proposed leg. Initiatives and also provided testimony to relevant leg. Committees. Language from position papers incorporated into revised bills and two passed Texas House and Senate Position papers distributed to Nursing and Medical communities as well as public through new releases; and acknowledgement of TNA role in Texas Page 12 of 13 Sample Portfolio: names, publications, etc. are fictional and designed to represent one type of portfolio that an Academy applicant could submit. Each sample portfolio is designed to meet the â€Å"standard† for admission into the Academy.

twentieth century essays

twentieth century essays The new generation of drivers have been an interesting symbol in the twentieth century , these new generation of drivers have best represented our revised American culture , not merely because of their impact on our culture but because they have changed our relationship to automobiles in our society . the new generation of drivers have a tendency to sacrifice responsibility for convenience .They have significantly changed our personal standards by accumulating driving violations . They spend too much time in the company of police officers writing tickets .these drivers seem to be missing a critical element that is relevant to the balancing of "social risk" the need to get there " with the need to take responsible precautions . But more importantly the new generation of drivers have changed the way people experienced travel . The new generation of drivers lack maturity and the willingness to analyze themselves as good responsible drivers . This grave mistake have slowly caused our roa ds to become dysfunctional . This has changed the concept of leisurely driving as a family activity . We have become a very mobile society and today our roads are thought of as killing highways . Now family outings are no longer designated on a so called " things to do " list . Today drivers convey a sense that any instances that occur on our roads are due to fate and are devoid of predictability " . These new generation drives seem to show more concern with having personalized relationships with their cars . It is apparent that the new generation of drivers lack the willingness to analyze themselves as a driver or understand that the loss of the rules of our roads create a devastating impact on all of society . It is obvious there is not likely to be any one " silver bullet " solution . There has been no orchestration of an ensemble of efforts to yield any results and a slow search for solutions . It is a fact that we have not well educated...

British Social Policy and the Second World War Essay

British Social Policy and the Second World War - Essay Example It was their belief that the government should be spending more time taking action than wasting its time on policy building. (Alcock, 2003, page 88) In 1942 Joseph Schumpeter proposed an idea that Britain's socialism was less ethically sound as compared to the rest of Europe's. He believed that the people did not consider social justice as an endowment but as their right. This in turn led the Britons to take an unappreciative approach to the policy makers and government as a whole. A couple of other reasons included that after the World War many people believed that they would soon lose their jobs and would emigrate to some other country such as South Africa. The state wished to build a sense of solidarity instead they were faced with a state of emergency. People believed that the government could have diverted the war and was ineffective in managing the state's affairs. The people took for granted society's business to support them when they were unemployed and to care for them in their old age. But observing the development of the English citizen's social rights it can be seen that this attitude had been prevailing since the 1 930s. An Example of a movement which signifies this phenomenon is the rebellion against the Unemployment Assistance Board in 1935. This signifies that the workers knew of their rights and what they deserved even before the war was on the horizon. So contributing the welfare movement to the war seems imprecise. (Glynn & Booth, 1996, pages 98-99). By 1939 the government had now undertaken the responsibility to keep peace throughout the state, provide protection to the people, provide for their education but now the added responsibility included providing economic welfare to all its citizens. This was harmful for the government as now they had to look after the actual deserving such as widows and retired citizens as well as the undeserving such as unemployed drunkards (Jacobs, 1993, page 46). The war helped implement military efficiency into the system of welfare but the system did exist even before the war. Many war time inventions became adapted into people's personal lives during that era. The transistor radio is one such gadget that became incorporated into people's households. Aside from the technical inventions, the social experiments also became popular in their implementation in everyday procedures. The medical profession benefited from the new techniques in managing the influx of patients and it became easier to manage large number of patients. Wars also recognize social weaknesses. Evacuating people from different regions of the country discovered potential transportation problems and terrible living conditions (Addison, 1975, page 32). Around 1940 Ernest Bevin proved to be a major influencer of the time. He was the Minister of Labour and most of his decisions were beneficial for the people working in the industrial sector. Recognizing how the people working should be given the proper atmosphere and work place environment he instigated many policies related to minimum wages in a step wise procedure implementing them in industry after industry. He believed that these measures would bring about a Social Revolution for the working class. But even he was unable to

Career Development of Muslim Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Development of Muslim Women - Essay Example The research design that is selected for the study is an exploratory research design, in order to understand the things deeply. As explained by Zechmeister et al., (1997) survey research represents a general approach to be used when the research design is implemented. Survey research is the method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representative of some population using an instrument composed of close structure or open-ended items (questions). It is one of the most dominant forms of data collection in the social sciences gives for the proficient collection of data over broad populations, agreeable to self-administration, administration in person, by telephone, via email, and on the internet. The primary data is to be collected by conducting field research that involves face to face interviews, surveys, questionnaires and focused group interviews. Primary research involves the use of primary data for the collection of data. Primary data are that information that is collected for the first time. The primary research will be especially useful since it will provide a guideline to the most current data available on this topic from Muslim women who are about to reach either supervisory or managerial positions and also from female who are about to enter the workforce. This will help to give an idea about what challenges they face and how they feel they will compare themselves with foreigners in the workplace. There are many advantages that have been identified in the use of the survey method.

The Emerging Issues in Healthcare Finance Essay Example for Free

The Emerging Issues in Healthcare Finance Essay A few decades back, healthcare financiers believed that managed care with capitation was the best policy tool that would help control the ever-increasing health care costs. Instead of focusing on healthcare quality, the administrators focused on the cost per month or per member and the provider organizations which competed for the market share. However, this has changed in the new century as new payment tools have emerged due to innovations in the healthcare marketplace. Currently, healthcare is considered in terms of quality and efficiency as far as purchase and delivery of healthcare are concerned. Capturing these key features of the current healthcare provision, the main objectives of ensuring quality and efficiency has led to the new concept dubbed pay-for-performance. In other literatures, P4P is known as value-based purchasing. P4P is a healthcare payment system that rewards physicians, hospitals and various healthcare providers for their efficiency in healthcare provision. Efficiency in this case is defined in terms of higher quality of healthcare at a relatively low cost (Wu, Nishimi, Kizer, 2005). However, defining quality can be very hard and challenging to most players in healthcare provision and financing. And as various players in healthcare – patients, providers and financiers, seek more direct and timely measures for quality and value, the government has quickly moved in to help set the standards. Through the CMS, the United States federal government has been able to come up with quality indicators (QIs), which are continuously being developed and refined (Rosenthal Richard, 2006). These measures for quality and value are currently available in various Web-based portals which the government hopes will increase consumer awareness. Patients are encouraged to compare facilities used by healthcare providers with those available in the Quality Indicator Web portals. Moreover, services and treatment by providers can also be evaluated against those available in the web showing standard quality measures. As the oversight body, the CMS as mandated by the federal government has established a provider quality reporting system for healthcare. Empowered by the 2006 Tax Relief and Health Care Act, the CMS has put in place the provider quality reporting initiative which rewards physicians and other providers who successfully report their set of quality measures. As a reward the government may recommend bonus payment which is subject to a cap equaling 1. 5 percent of the total amount of Medicare costs within the six months period of reporting (Wu, Nishimi, Kizer, 2005).. The public and private payers have welcomed the value-based performance as an answer to soaring healthcare costs and also a means of ensure quality service to patients. By 2005, about 75 percent of all United States companies had connected at least some of their employee’s pay to work performance and also in healthcare. Currently, over 100 pilot programs undertaken by private and public payers are underway. The current healthcare payment system may reward less-safe services because most insurance companies refuse to compensate for new services and practices intended to reduce errors. Again, the system may also encourage poor workmanship, as hospitals and physicians are allowed to charge additional services required when a patient is infected or injured in the hospital. Pay-for-performance however, tries to avert such loses and has received a lot of support from both public and private payers. American insurance companies hope to save a lot from this program (Rosenthal Richard, 2006).. The healthcare financiers would not only be allowed to pay for quality services by physicians and hospitals but would not be required pay for additional services for unintended consequences of treatment and care like injury in hospital, negligence during surgery and many others as defined by National Quality Forum (Leape Berwick, 2005). The current payers like the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services and Leapfrog Group have learnt from the pilot programs that pay-for-performance greatly affects the outcome and quality of any work and increases performance. These companies are very much optimistic that they would not only reduce cost of healthcare but also ensure that their members receive the best healthcare services. This initiative is expected to attract more private insurance companies to invest in healthcare with hope of increasing the profits and capital base. Many insurance companies may be to offer more comprehensive healthcare coverage to various people as they have would a large capital base due to reduced healthcare costs and therefore a lot to re-invest (Wu, Nishimi, Kizer, 2005). The primary goal of pay-for-performance according to policymakers is to increase quality in healthcare while at the same time reduced financial burden of care (Dudley, 2005). These positives are all pointing to the patients and insurance companies all agree that pay-for-performance would benefit the patients. However, as physicians argue, the P4P system may not be in the best interest of the patient. Insurance companies and other healthcare financiers would be the greatest winners if the pay-for-performance is fully implemented. With the CMS initiative that calls for elimination of payments for negative effects of any medical practices that lead to injuries, other illnesses or even death, other insurance companies that are also willing to undertake such initiative, stand to gain a lot from the P4P system. Considering that doctors may not be perfect all the times and some patients are known to develop new infections even when the best known practices are applied, the healthcare payers would be positively affected by this new payment system (Grossbart, 2006). Lessons from the Research Despite the good intentions of the value-based performance program, the government still faces one of the biggest challenges in its implementation. Implementation of P4P faces challenges of having everyone agree on the quality standards. The quality measures as defined earlier are objective indicators used to evaluate whether physicians are providing high quality healthcare. For example, a doctor may be required to test the A1C levels in diabetic patients four times annually as a quality standard measure. In a pay-for-performance system, physicians who reach this threshold would be compensated appropriately. However, many health providers challenge such indicators by arguing that medical practice is not only an art but also a science and therefore setting up checklists as well as treatment algorithms would be a great disservice to the patients. Again, it is quite common to hear about physicians disagreeing with one another on the appropriate course of medication and treatment that should be adopted by the patients with similar diagnosis and the same medical histories. Therefore if the pay-for-performance system is to be successfully implemented, such disagreements would have to be ironed out first (Grossbart, 2006). It would be quite hard to say the specific impacts of the P4P system in the future as it is still undergoing pilot implementation. Nevertheless, because pay-for-performance is basically focusing on how doctors, hospitals and other various healthcare providers are compensated for their work, an individual patient may not be affected greatly in terms of costs. In the long run if the pay-for-performance is fully and successfully implemented, the greatest beneficiary would be the patient who would receive healthcare at a reduced cost. However, whether the quality of health care would improve quality or not is matter still debated.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Emilys Strength in Knights Tale Essay

Emily's Strength in Chaucer's The Knight's Tale This passeth yeer by yeer and day by day, Till it fill ones, in a morwe of May, that Emelye, that fairer was to sene Than is the lylie upon his stalke grene, And fressher than the May with floures newe - For with the rose colour stroof hire hewe, I noot which was the fyner of hem two- (1033-1039) Thus is Emily, the least often discussed of the four central characters in the Knight's Tale, described upon her first important entrance in the tale, when the knights initially view her in all of her loveliness. This description of Emily fits in with the common criticism that she is more a symbol of the beauty and goodness that chivalric nature desires than an actual character with thoughts, actions and emotions of her own (Donaldson 49). However, although Emily does lack an individual nature and depth of mind, she still has a certain power and dynamic nature about her that is unusual for a woman in the time period during which Chaucer wrote her story (Spearing 43). Through her prayers to Diana asking to remain chaste, some may argue that Emily is, once again, merely reacting to an event, rather than having thoughts of her own (Donaldson 49). A stronger point, however, is made in regards to her heritage as an Amazon woman. Rather than remain in keeping with the popular sentiments of the day and be completely submissive to men, Emily is showing her inherited reluctance to become a subordinate creature (Spearing 43). She is thereby exhibiting a rare bit of strength and showing us that she has power in more ways than one. Often, Emily is said to be a con... ...creature with whom they are faced. In conclusion, this tale, especially through its use of Emily, the rhetorical, perfect, but still strong, symbol, tells us more about ourselves and our lives than a similar story with true, individual characters could. By using these ultimate examples, each reader is able to see the truth behind them and, therefore, learn a bit about life and the actions which people take. Although Emily is a symbol, she still exhibits a marvelous quality of strength, regardless of her lack of individuality. Works Cited Benson, Larry D., ed. The Riverside Chaucer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Cooper, Helen. The Structure of The Canterbury Tales. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1983. Donaldson, E. Talbot. Speaking of Chaucer. New York: Norton, 1970. Spearing, A.C. Chaucer: The Knight's Tale. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Howard Zinn Chapter 13 Analysis Essay

Zinn opens chapter with the recognition that â€Å"war and jingoism might postpone, but could not fully suppress, the class anger that came from the realities of ordinary life†. Despite the brief interlude that momentarily quelled class conflict, the issues at home had never been resolved and resurfaced with a vengeance. More and more writers were writing from a Socialist mindset: Upton Sinclair published The Jungle in 1906, as a commentary on Chicago’s meatpacking industry. In writing the book, Sinclair was influenced by writers like Jack London, a Socialist who had grown up in poverty in the Bay Area. London publish The Iron Heel in 1906, warning Americans about fascism and indicts the capitalist system† In the face of the facts that modern man lives more wretchedly than the cave-man, and that his producing power is a thousand times greater than that of the cave-man, no other conclusion is possible than that the capitalist class has mismanaged criminally and sel fishly mismanaged†. Even an exiled Henry James condemned the U.S. when he visited in 1904. The corrupt actions of the American government and business elite were on the lips of activists, writers, and artists around the world Socialism couldn’t help but spread. One of the most notable labor incidents in this era occurred at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. New York had more than 500 garment factories, mostly staffed by women, and the conditions in all were equally as deplorable. In the winter of 1909, women at the Triangle Shirtwaist Co. organized a strike, they were doubtful that many more than 3,000 women would turn out with the cold weather and not all the factories participating, but more than 20,000 showed up. The recently organized Ladies Garment Workers Union was growing by the thousand every day. The strike went on through the winter, despite police, arrests, scabs and prison.† In more than three hundred shops, workers won their demands. Women now became officials in the union. However, the conditions of the factories themselves did not change all that much, and on the afternoon of March 25, 1911, a fire broke out at the TS Company on the 8th-9th floors too high for fire ladders to reach. The factory doors had also been locked to manage workers, which was against the law. In fact, TS Co. broke several safety codes, ultimately causing their female employees to be trapped and burned to death†146 Triangle workers, mostly women, were burned or crushed to death†. These were not the only tragedies† in the year 1904, 27,000 workers were killed on the job†. Millions of workers toiled in dangerous conditions to fatten bank accounts of the wealthy. Zinn keeps the starting numbers coming: â€Å"In 1914, 35,000 workers were killed in industrial accidents and 700,000 injured. The women’s movement of the time was an interesting one, with women often divided between suffragism and socialism. Many women were skeptical of the suffrage movement and spoke out on other issues. Margaret Sanger was one of the first women to speak out about birth control† No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her own body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose conscientiously whether she will or will not be a mother†. Emma Goldman believed the suffrage movement to be a waste of time, noting, â€Å"Every inch of ground has gained has been through constant fight, a ceaseless struggle for self-assertion, and not through suffrage. Her development, her freedom, her independence, must come from and through her only that, and not the ballot, will set women free†. Helen Keller also believed in this â€Å"struggle outside the ballot box† these women wanted something more immediate and direct than the vote. This is an issue with I am constantly torn. There is something so simple and almost beautiful in a people voting and deciding as a group can’t we just vote our way to utopia? However, when you think about the politics behind what even ends up on a ballot, you can start to feel powerless, and the vote meaningless; I understand why these women would want to fight for something greater. Zinn touches on demands and protests to end child labor, before moving on to the deteriorating situation for blacks across the nation, or what he calls â€Å"the low point†. Blacks were being beaten, lynched, murdered and the government sat by and did nothing. But what surprised me is that â€Å"the Socialist party did not go much out of its way to act on the race question† either. One member wrote about Debs, â€Å"he always insisted on absolute equality. But he failed to accept the view that special measures were sometimes needed to achieve this equality†. Ah, the early disc ussion of affirmative action and the thought that after century of oppression, laws would just make things equal. Blacks began to use this momentous period to organize as well, and formed the National afro-American Council, as well as the National Association for Colored Women. W.E.B. DuBois had just written The Souls of Black Folk and called black leaders together for a conference near Niagara Falls–the start of the â€Å"Niagara Movement.† These leaders called for a much more radical and revolutionary approach, attacking the moderate ideas of men like Booker T. Washington. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was formed after a race riot in Springfield, IL in 1910, but whites dominated the leadership. The NAACP focused mainly on legal action and education, but DuBois, one of the officers, championed the notion that â€Å"Persistent manly agitation is the way to liberty†. It’s interesting to note that this was the start of the nation’s â€Å"Progressive Period† a time when new amendments and laws were being passed all t he time. However, these laws didn’t necessarily benefit blacks, women, labor organizations, or Socialists; they were more a response to the shifting social tide what doesn’t bend, breaks, and right? As Zinn notes, â€Å"it was a reluctant reform, aimed at quieting the popular risings, not making fundamental changes†. In addition to numerous food, drug, and safety regulations, the nation witnessed the 16th Amendment graduated income tax and 17th Amendment election of Senators by popular vote. However, these reforms were less about actual social change and more a necessary response to growing social agitation in order to create â€Å"a middle-class cushion for class conflict†¦an attempt by the system to adjust to changing conditions in order to achieve more stability. Zinn quotes Harold Faulkner: ‘Through rules with impersonal sanctions, it sought continuity and predictability in a world of endless change. It assigned far greater power to government†¦and it encouraged the centralization of authority†. What happened was the emergence of â€Å"political capitalism,† in which â€Å"businessmen took firmer control of the political system because the private economy was not efficient enough to forestall protest from below. The businessmen were not opposed to the new reforms; they initiated them, pushed them, to stabilize the capitalist system in a time of uncertainty and trouble†. No longer did we have a government throwing the occasional big bone to business, but a government that was bent over a chair, pants around the ankles with big business. Zinn closes his chapter focusing on the idea that â€Å"much of the intense activity for Progressive reform was intended to head off. ’The Rising Tide of Socialism† and zooms in on one key event: the Colorado Coal Strike which began in September 1910 and culminated in the Ludlow Massacre of April 1914. 11,000 miners worked for the Colorado Fuel & Iron Corporation. When a union organizer was murdered, the workers began to strike in protest of low pay, dangerous conditions and â€Å"feudal domination.† Immediately, the miners were evicted from their shacks and forced to live in tent colonies in nearby hills. Gunmen hired by Rockefeller interests raided the colonies and were eventually joined by the National Guard. The strikers held out through the winter of 1913-1914 and it became clear that only drastic measures would break the strike. So, on April 20th a machine gun attack was opened on the tents, and the strikers fired back. The Guards set fire to the tents, burning some people to death. Eventually federal troops were brought in to restore order, but only after 26 men, women, and children had lost their lives. It was clear once again that unrest at home would not stop, so the government, once again, looked outside its borders for a distraction.